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Summary

Welcome to Origin Story. This week we explore the world of think tanks, a term that has developed two very different meanings. To many people, it suggests deceptively named and opaquely funded vehicles for the political agendas of right-wing billionaires — think Tufton Street. Yet most of the world’s leading think tanks still cleave to the original intention of producing conscientious research and bold new ideas, independent of political parties. How and when did these paths diverge?
The first think tank, the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, was born in 1910 during a period when governments were increasingly interested in using data and expertise to generate more rational policy-making. Accelerated by the calamitous irrationality of the First World War, this mission produced such influential bodies as Chatham House and the Brookings Institution.
The so-called eggheads proved their worth in a crisis, from the New Deal to the Second World War. As the Cold War began, the quintessential think tank (a term coined in 1958) was the RAND Corporation and the industry’s first celebrity was nuclear strategist Herman Kahn, a charismatic provocateur who boasted about “thinking about the unthinkable”.
In the UK, however, a new kind of think tank was being born. In 1955, chicken farmer Antony Fisher founded the Institute of Economic Affairs as a power base from which the pioneers of neoliberalism could wage their long war against the Keynesian consensus, following Friedrich Hayek’s theory of political change. Their patience paid off. Along with the Centre for Policy Studies and the Adam Smith Institute, the IEA built the framework for
Thatcherism in the 1970s. Likewise in the US, the Heritage Foundation and the American Enterprise Institute furnished Ronald Reagan with an armada of policies and advisers. The neoliberal revolution was incubated in these new-model think tanks. The centre-left was losing this war of ideas.
By the 1980s, then, think tanks had acquired a more controversial reputation, using their charitable tax status to funnel money from billionaires like Richard Mellon Scaife and the Koch brothers into a vast network of organisations, books, journals, university programs and media operators, serving not just their ideological agendas but their financial interests. It was very far from the original notion of think tanks as a non-partisan “bridge between knowledge and power”.
What do the first think tanks tell us about the dream of government based on facts and expertise? Who were the tycoons and intellectuals who joined forces to launch a new wave of think tanks? How did Hayek’s followers build from scratch an infrastructure that made Thatcherism and Reaganism possible? How is that nakedly ideological projects can present themselves as philanthropy and anonymous, tax-free donations can shape our politics so profoundly? And why are the names of think tanks so interchangeably boring?
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Reading list
Books
• Richard Cockett – Thinking the Unthinkable: Think-Tanks and the Economic Counter- Revolution 1931-1983 (1994)
• Paul Dickson – Think Tanks (1972)
• Sharon Ghamari-Tabrizi – The Worlds of Herman Kahn: The Intuitive Science of Thermonuclear War (2005)
• F.A. Hayek – The Road to Serfdom (Reader’s Digest abridged version) (1945)
• Jane Mayer – Dark Money: How a Secretive Group of Billionaires Is Trying to Buy Political Control in the US (2016)
• Thomas Medvetz – Think Tanks in America (2014)
• Madsen Pirie – Think Tank: The Story of the Adam Smith Institute (2012)
• James A. Smith – The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (1991)
Articles
• Dr James Barham – <a href="https://academicinfluence.com/inflection/study-guides/influential-think-tanks">‘Top Influential Think Tanks Ranked for 2024’</a>, Academic Influence (16
October 2023)
• Tom Bawden – <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-eurosceptics-climate-change-sceptics-55-tufton-street-westminster-a6866021.html">‘The address where Eurosceptics and climate change sceptics rub shoulders’</a>, Independent (10 February 2016)
• Chloe Farand – <a href="https://www.desmog.com/2018/07/23/mapped-whistleblower-accuses-nine-organisations-colluding-over-hard-brexit/">‘Mapped: Whistleblower Accuses Nine Organisations of Colluding Over Hard Brexit’</a>, DeSmog (23 July 2018)
• Richard Fink – <a href="https://kochdocs.org/2019/08/19/1996-structure-of-social-change-by-koch-industries-executive-vp-richard-fink/">‘Structure of Social Change’</a>, Philanthropy Magazine (Winter 1996)
• F. A. Hayek – ‘The Intellectuals and Socialism’, University of Chicago Law Review (Spring 1949)
• Richard Kostelanetz – <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1968/12/01/archives/oneman-think-tank-oneman-think-tank.html">‘One-Man Think Tank’</a>, New York Times (1 December 1968)
• Jane Mayer – <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/08/30/covert-operations">‘Covert Operations’,</a> New Yorker (23 August 2010)
• Jane Mayer – <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-ikea-the-new-model-for-the-conservative-movement">‘Is IKEA the New Model for the Conservative Movement?’</a>, New Yorker (15 November 2013)
• James G. McGann, <a href="https://www.bruegel.org/sites/default/files/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2020-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Index-Report-Bruegel.pdf">‘2020 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report’</a>, University of Pennsylvania, Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (28 January 2021)
• Louis Menand – <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/06/27/fat-man">‘Fat Man’</a>, New Yorker (20 June 2005)
• George Monbiot – <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/01/no-10-lobby-groups-democracy-policy-exchange">‘Number 10 and the secretly funded lobby groups intent on undermining democracy’</a>, Guardian (1 September 2020)
• New York Times staff –<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/21/archives/49-scholars-hold-man-up-to-mirror-in-sequestered-coast-base-they.html"> ‘49 Scholars Hold Man Up to Mirror’</a>, New York Times (21 September 1958)
• David Perlman – <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/1240781238/">‘Man’s Actions Challenge a Braintrust’</a>, San Francisco Chronicle (23 March 1958)
Written and presented by Ian Dunt and Dorian Lynskey. Producer: Simon Williams. Music by Jade Bailey. Art by Jim Parrett. Logo by Mischa Welsh. Group Editor: Andrew Harrison. Origin Story is a Podmasters production
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